Some observations on British freshwater Harpactids

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From the \NNALS AND MAGazINE OF NaTURAL History,
Ser. 7, Vol. xi., February 1903.

Some Observations on British Freshwater Harpactids.
By Tuomas Scort, F.L.S.

Since the publication of the Monograph of the free and
semiparasitic Copepoda of the British Islands by Professor
G. 8. Brady—a work which gave a fresh impetus to the
study of these interesting organisms and which 1s indispens-
able to those who desire to become familiar with the group—
greater attention has been devoted to the examination of the
freshwater forms, and a number of rare and, in some cases,

186 Mr. T. Scott on

new species have been added to the fauna of our inland
waters *. Several of these additional forms belong to the
Harpacticidee, which is one of the largest of the families of
the Copepoda.

The Harpactids which form the subject .of the following
observations are all included in the subfamily Canthocamp-
tine, G. S. Brady, and are distributed amongst the
succeeding five genera, viz.:—Canthocamptus, Westwood ;
Nitocra, Boeck; Attheyella, G. 8S. Brady; Moraria, T. & A.
Scott ; and Maraenobiotus, Al. Mrazek.

A few remarks are made on the distinctive characters of
each genus, but the species are not described; descriptions
and figures of these will be found in the works which are
referred to in connexion with each of the species recorded.

Subfamily Cayruocaurrivz, G. 8. Brady.

Genus CanTHocaMPptuS, Westwood, 1836.

The nine species grouped together under Canthocamptus:
have eight- or nine-jointed antennules. The inner branches
of the first pair of thoracic feet are non-prehensile, and they
are usually three-jointed and longer than the outer branches.
The inner branches of the next three pairs are shorter than
the outer ones and composed of two or three joints, the first
joint being considerably smaller than the one next to it.

Canthocamptus staphylinus (Jurine) f.

1820. Monoculus staphylinus, Jurine, Hist. des Monocles, p. 74, pl. vii.
figs. 1-19.

1880. Caunthocamptus minutus, Brady, Brit. Copep. vol. ii. p. 48,
pl. xliv. figs. 1-17.

This is one of the more common and generally distributed
species belonging to the freshwater Harpacticide of the
British Islands; it is also the largest, and measures rather
more than a millimetre in length.

* Prof. W. Lilljeborg has recently published an important work on
the freshwater Harpacticide of Sweden, ‘ Kong]. Svenska Vetenskaps-
Akademiens Handlingar, Bd. xxxvi. no. 1. This work should be of
interest to British students, for of the seventeen species described by the
author twelve at least are also found in the inland waters of the British
Islands.

+ See Additional Note at end of this paper.

British Freshwater Harpactids. 187

Canthocamptus horridus, S. Fischer.

1860. Canthocamptus horridus, S. Fischer, “ Beitr. z. Kennt. d. Ento-
mostr.,” Abhandl. d. math.-phys. Classe der konigl. bayer. Akad.
d. Wissensch. Sten Bandes, 3te Abth. p. 670, t. ii. figs. 57-59, 59a.

1880. Canthocamptus northumbricus, G. 8. Brady, op. cit. vol. i. p. 57,
pl. xly. figs. 1-14.

This species, which has been identified as the Cantho-
camptus horridus of 8. Fischer, appears to be rare in British
inland waters. The only Scottish record I have for it is
Duddingston Loch, near Edinburgh; Dr. and Miss Sprague
also record it from Edinburgh, but they do not give any
locality *. Dr. Brady obtained it sparingly in the lake at
Bolam, Northumberland, and Mr. D. J. Scourfield has taken
it near London.

Canthocamptus gracilis, G. O. Sars.

1863. Canthocamptus gracilis, G. Q. Sars, “ Qvers. af den indenl.

Ferskv.-Copep.,” Vidensk. i Christiania Forhandl. for 1862 (Aftr.),
22,

1897. Canthocamptus inornatus, T. Scott, Fifteenth Rep. Fishery Board
for Scotland, pt. iii. p. 523, pl. ix. figs. 1-12.

1902. C anthocamptus gr acilis, Lilljeborg, Synopsis Spec. hucusque in
aquis duleibus Sueciz observ. Fam, Harpactic. p. 26, t. il. figs. 8-13
(see footnote, p. 1).

There appears to be no doubt that the species which I
described in 1897 under the name of Canthocamptus ‘nornatus
is identical with the C. gracilis of G.O. Sars. I have found
it in several small lochs in Scotland, such as Rescobie Loch,
near Forfar, Linlithgow Loch, one or two small lochs near
Edinburgh, Sloe Achroy (lrossachs), and others. It has
been taken in the Isle of ‘Wight by Mr. D. J. Scourfield, and
my son, Mr. A. Scott, has sent it to me from Lancashire.

Canthocamptus trispinosus, G. S. Brady.

1880. Canthocamptus trispinosus, G.S. Brady, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 55,
pl. xlv. figs. 15-22.

‘This appears to be a rare species in the inland waters of
the British Islands, but it has apparently an extensive conti-
nental distribution; it has been recorded by Herr H.
Rehberg, Dr. S. A. Poppe, Dr. O. Schmeil, and Prof. W.
Lilljjeborg. I know of no Scottish locality tor C. trispinosus,
and the only station for it mentioned by Dr. Brady is the
River Nene near Peterborough; but Mr. D.J.Scourfield records

* Trans, Edin. Field Nat. & Micros. Soc. vol. iv. (1900-1901).

188 Mr. T. Scott on

it from one or two ponds near London *, and the Rev. A. M.
Norman has quite recently sent me specimens from Wroxham,

Norfolk.

Canthocamptus minutus, Claus.
1863. Canthocamptus minutus, Claus, Die frei lebenden Copepoden,
. 122, t. xii. figs. 1-3.
1895. Canthocamptus minutus, T. & A. Scott, Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.
(Oct. 1895), p. 236, pl. iv. figs. 14-20.

This is one of the smaller of the freshwater Harpactids,
and its distribution appears to be coextensive with the British
Islands; but it is only within recent years that it has been
recognized as a member of the British Copepod fauna.

Canthocamptus hirticornis, T. Scott.

1895. Canthocamptus hirticornis, T. Scott, Thirteenth Rep. Fishery
Board for Scotland, pt. iii. p. 251, pl. ix. figs. 15-26.

1902. Canthocamptus megalops, Lilljeborg, Synop. Spec. hucusque in
aquis dulcibus Sueciz observ. Fam. Harpact.,” K. Sv. Vet.-Akad.
Handlingar, Band xxxvi. no. 1, p. 30, pl. 11. figs. 14-19.

This is a widely distributed species, at least in Scotland ;
it has been found in small lochs in the Outer Hebrides and
in Shetland, as well as in several places on the mainland ;
but it occurs usually near the sea. It has been obtained in
water that appeared to be quite fresh, as well as in slightly
brackish water. I have no record of it from any ‘inland
locality. Mr. D. J. Scourfield has taken C. hirticornis in a
marsh near Barmouth Junction, North Wales f.

The form recorded recently by Herr Prof. Lilljeborg in
his interesting work on the freshwater Harpacticide of
Sweden under the name of Canthocamptus megalops appears
to be identical with C. hirticornis.

Canthocamptus palustris, G. S. Brady.
1880. Canthocamptus palustris, G. S. Brady, Mon. Brit. Copep. vol. ii.
. 58, pl. xxxix. figs. 18-28. i
1895. Canthocamptus palustris, var. elongatus, T. & A. Scott, Ann, &
Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vol. xv. p. 459, pl. xvi. figs. 7-17,

Though Canthocamptus palustris has a distribution ex-

tending from Shetland to the Scilly Islands it does not appear
to be very common. Its usual habitat is in ponds and

* “The Entomostraca of Epping Forest, Part II.,” The Essex Natu-
ralist, vol. x. p. 260, tab. i. (1898).

+ “Entomostraca of North Wales,” Journ. Quekett Microscopical
Club, ser. ii. vol. vi. p. 185 (Noy. 1895).

British Freshwater Harpactids. 189

marshes within reach of the sea. It was taken by Dr. G. S.
Brady in a brackish-water pond at St. Mary (Scilly), also in
the vicinity of the River Stour at Manningtree, and in Oulton
Broad (Suffolk) ; and the Rev. A. M. Norman obtained it at
Isle Oronsay, Skye. I found Canthocamptus palustris in
1890 in shore-pools on May Island, Firth of Forth; the same
species occurred in a gathering of Entomostraca sent to me
from Shetland by Mr. Robert Duthie, Fishery Officer,
collected in the Loch of Beiton in Unst in 1895; this loch
is situated somewhat above high-water mark, and at that time
the water it contained, if at all brackish, was only slightly so.
In 1896 C. palustris was taken with other brackish-water
forms in gatherings from shore-pools near Langbank and
near Dumbarton, Firth of Clyde, and in 1898 in a gathering
from shore-pools at Hunterston, also in the Clyde district.

Canthocamptus Schmeilii, Mrazek.
1893. Canthocamptus Schmeilit, Mrazek, “ Beitrag zur Kenntniss der-

Harpacticidenfauna des Stisswassers,” Zool. Jahrb. sieb. Bd. p. 116,

t. vu. figs. 107-117.
1895. Canthocamptus Schmeilu, T. & A. Scott, Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist.

(Oct. 1895), p. 234, pl. iv. figs. 1-13.

Though this species resembles those previously mentioned
in having the inner branches of the first pair of thoracic feet
longer than the outer branches, it differs in having these
branches composed of two subequal joints, instead ot being
three-jointed. C. Schmezlit appears to be moderately rare in
the lochs of Scotland. ‘The only records I possess are as
follow :—Loch Leven, Kinross, collected in June 1890, but
not described till 1895 (in this gathering the species was
moderately frequent) ; Park Loch, near Campbeltown, Cantyre,
collected in August 1897; Loch Lomond, near Balmaha,
collected in June 1898.

Canthocamptus crassus, G. O. Sars.

1863. Canthocamptus crassus, G.O. Sars, “ Overs. indenl. Fersky.-
Copep.,” Vidensk. i Christiania Forhandl. for 1862 (Aftr.), p. 23.
1880. Attheyella spinosa, Brady, Mon. Brit. Copep. vol. ii. p. 58,
1. xliii. figs. 15-18, pl. xlvi. figs. 13-18.
1893. Attheyella spinosa, T. Scott, Eleventh Rep. Fishery Board for
Scotland, pt. iil. p. 225, pl. vi. figs. 11-20,
1893. Canthocamptus crassus, O. Schmeil, Deutschl. freileb. Sitissw.-
Copep., ii. Teil, Harpact. p. 37, t. iv. figs. 1-13.
In this species, though the inner branches of the first
thoracic feet are three-jointed, they are comparatively short,
being only slightly longer than the outer branches.

190 Mr. T. Scott on

Canthocamptus crassus appears to be generally distributed
and moderately frequent in most of our inland waters from
Unst to Land’s End, and it is one of the more easily recog-
nized forms.

I am in doubt as to whether this species should be ranked
among the members of the present genus; but as it seems to
be equally out of place in any of the other groups of Cantho-
camptinz, I thought it was better to leave it in the genus to
which G. O. Sars assigned it.

Genus Nitocra, Boeck.

The species included under this genus resemble very
closely some of those in the genus Canthocamptus. The an-
tennules are usually eight-jointed ; the secondary branches of
the antenne are small and one-jointed ; the mandible-palp is
two-jointed, and the inner branches of the first pair of thoracic
feet, which are not much longer than the outer branches, are
three-jointed and prehensile. The inner branches of the next
three pairs are also composed of three joints. The prehensile
character of the inner branches of the first pair appears to
constitute the chief point of difference between Nitocra and
Canthocamptus. One British freshwater Harpactid has been
assigned to this genus.

Nitocra hibernica (G. 8S. Brady).
1880. Canthocamptus hibernicus, G. S. Brady, Mon, Brit. Copep. vol. ii.
p. 52, pl. xlvi. figs. 1-12.
1893. Nitocra hibernica, Schmeil, Deutsch]. freileb. Siissw.-Copep.,
ii. Teil, Harpact. p. 78, t. vil. figs. 1-16.

I do not at present know of any ‘Scottish station for this
species. Prof. G. 8. Brady states that specimens were sent
to him by the late David Robertson of Millport, who found
them plentifully in Mullingar Canal at Dublin and in a lake
near Newport, Co. Mayo. Mr. D. J. Scourfield has taken’

Nitocra hibernica in a pond near London *.

Genus ATTHEYELLA, G. 8. Brady, 1880.

The species included here under Aétheyella have the an-
tennules short and usually eight-jointed; the secondary
branches of the antennz are small and one- (rarely two-)
jointed; mandible-palp small and composed of two articu-
jations ; inner branches of first pair of teet scarcely, if at all,

* “Entomostraca of Epping Forest, Part II.,” The Essex Naturalist,
vol. x. p. 260, tab. 1, (1898).

British Freshwater Harpactids. 191

longer than the short outer branches, and composed of two
subequal joints; inner branches of the second, third, and
fourth pairs two-jointed, first joint small.

Attheyella pygmea (G. O. Sars).

1863. Canthocamptus pygmeus, G. O. Sars, “ Overs. indenl, Ferskv.-
Copep.,” Vidensk.-Selsk. i Christiania Férhandl. 1862 (Aftr.), p. 21.

1880. Attheyella cryptorum, Brady, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 60, pl. li.
figs, 1-18.

1893, Attheyella cryptorum, T. Scott, Eleventh Rep. Fishery Board

for Scotland, pt. ii. p. 225, pl. vi. figs. 21-31.

This small species appears to be generally distributed and
of frequent occurrence in the inland waters of the British
Islands. It may be distinguished from the closely allied
species Attheyella Zschokket (Schmeil) by the long curved
terminal sete of the outer branches of the fourth pair of
thoracic feet and by the depressed opercular plates.

Attheyella Zschokket (Schmeil).

1893. Canthocamptus Zschokket, Schmeil, Copep. des Rhitikon-Ge-
birges, pp. 31-36, Taf. ili.

1893, Attheyella propinqua, T. Scott, Eleventh Rep. Fishery Board
for Scotland, pt. iil. p. 227, pl. vii. figs. 1-11.

This species, which may readily be mistaken for the one
previously described, appears to have an’ equally extensive
distribution, but it is not so frequently met with. ‘There are,
however, comparatively few of the Scottish lochs which I
have examined where it has been entirely absent. Mr. D.J.
Scourfield has taken A. Zschokket near London. In this
species the terminal setz of the outer branches of the fourth
feet have not the long, slender, curved ends so characteristic
of A. pygmea, but the opercular plate is more prominent.
Dissection shows, of course, other points of difference, but the
differences just referred to may be seen without dissection
and with the aid of a hand-lens.

Attheyella Duthiei, T. & A. Scott.

1895. Attheyella Duthiei, T. & A. Scott, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)
vol. xvili. p. 4, pl. il. figs. 1-13; also Fourteenth Rep. Fishery
Board for Scotland, pt. ii. p. 241, pl. ix. figs. 1-11.

1902. Cunthocamptus Duthiei, Lilljeborg, “ Synop. Spec. hucusque in
aquis dulcibus Sueciz observ. Fam. Harpactic.,” K. Sv, Vet.-Akad.
HandJingar, Bd. xxxvi. no. 1, p. 41, pl. ii. figs. 5-10.

Though the distribution of this species appears to be ex-
tensive, it has not been very frequently met with. It was

192 Mr. T. Scott on

obtained in one or two small lochs in Shetland in 1894 by
Mr. Robert Duthie, Fishery Officer, who was at that time
stationed there. It was collected by myself in Loch Leven,
Kinross, in 1890 (but not determined till 1895), and again in
1897 and 1898, and these are the only British localities for
this species known to me. The discovery of it in Sweden by
Prof. Lilljeborg is very interesting and indicates an extensive
distribution for the species.

Attheyella rhetica (Schmeil).
1893. Canthocamptus rheticus, Schmeil, Copepodes des Rhitikon-
Gebirges*, p. 23, t. il.
1895, Attheyella MacAndrewe, T. & A. Scott, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(G) vol. xy. p. 457, pl. xvi. figs. 1-6.

I have found this species in only a single Scottish locality,
viz. in Lochan-a-Chaite—a small loch on Ben Lawers,
Perthshire, situated at an altitude of about 2400 feet above
sea-level. Mr. D. J. Scourfield has obtained the same species
amongst wet alge from Cym Glas, Snowdon, North Walesy.
In September 1896 I collected in Loch Vennachar, Perth-
shire, specimens of what appeared to me at the time to be a
variety of Aétheyella rhetica{; but these turned out to belong
to the next species.

Attheyella cuspidata (Schmeil).

1893. Canthocamptus cuspidatus, Schmeil, op. cit. p. 36, t. iv.
1897. Canthocamptus cuspidatus, T. Scott, Fifteenth Rep. Fishery
Board for Scotland, pt. iii. p. 323, pl. ix. figs. 21, 22.

This species has been obtained in Loch Vennachar, Perth-
shire, and Loch Fad, in Bute; also in Loch of Tingwall
(Scalloway) and Loch of Brough (Bressay), both in Shetland.
It was taken in Loch Etichan and in Loch-an-eion, Aberdeen-
shire, in 1898, by Mr. R. M. Clark, B.Sc., F.L.S8. Loch
Etichan is situated to the northward of Braemar, the other is
a small loch on the north-west shoulder of Lochnagar, in
West Aberdeenshire §. ;

Genus Morarta, T. & A. Scott (March 1893).
Syn. Ophiocamptus, Mrazek.
The Harpactids included under Moraria have seven-jointed

* Abhandl. d. naturf. Gesellschaft zu Halle, Bd. xix.

+ “Entom. of North Wales,” Journ. Quekett Microscopical Club,
ger. ii. vol. vi. p. 10 (separate copy).

t Fourteenth Rep. Fishery Board for Scotland, pt. iii. p. 169 (1896).

§ ‘Annals of Scottish Natural History,’ July 1901, p. 160.

British Freshwater [larpactids. 193

antennules ; the secondary branches of the antennz are small
and one-jointed ; the mandible-palp is small and composed
of two joints, the end one being smaller than the other; the
first pair of thoracic feet are short, the two branches are sub-
equal in length, and the inner branches are two-jointed, as in
Attheyella, the end-joint being the shortest; the inner
branches of the next three pairs are short and consist of two
subequal joints.

Moraria brevipes (G. O. Sars).

1863. Canthocamptus brevipes, G. O. Sars (non Mrazek & Scott), op.
at. p. 24.

1889. Ganihaednigele gracilis, S. A. Poppe (non C. gracilis, G. O. Sars),
Abhandl, d. naturwiss. Vereine zu Bremen, Bd. x. p. 544, t. viii.
figs, 5-9,

1893. Moraria Anderson-Smithi, T. & A. Scott, Ann. & Maz. Nat.
Hist. (6) vol. vi. (March 1893) p. 213, pl. viii.

1893. Ophiocamptus Sarst, Mrazek, ‘‘ Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Har-
pacticidenfauna des Siisswassers,” Zool. Jahrb. (May 1893), Abth. f.
Syst., Geogr. u. Biol. d. Thiere, 7ter Bd. p. 113, t. v. figs. 60-65.

1893. Ophiocamptus Sarsi, Schmeil, Deutschl. freileb. Stissw.-Copep.,
ii. Teil, Harpact. p. 86, pl. vi. figs. 1-16.

1900. Morarta Sarsi, W. Hartwig, “Die freileb. Copep. der Provinz
Brandenburg,” Forschungsber. der Biol. Stat. z Plén (Separat-
abdruck), p. 11.

This species has been obtained in lochs in Unst and else-
where in Shetland; in Barra and North Uist, Outer
Hebrides. It was obtained in Loch Morar, Inverness-shire,
Loch Doon, Ayrshire, and other lochs in the west of Scotland ;
and in lakes in Aberdeenshire, Midlothian, and elsewhere in
the east of Scotland. Mr. D. J. Scourfield has also taken it
near London.

According to Lilljeborg * the form described by Herr Al.
Mrazek and myself under the name of Moraria ( Ophio-
camptus) brevipes (G. O. Sars) is not the species described
by Sars under that name, the true Canthocamptus brevipes,
G. O. Sars, being, on the contrary, the form described by me
under the name of Moraria Anderson-Smithi, and by Mrazek
under the name of Ophiocamptus Sarst. It is interesting to
note that this species, which is still retained in the genus
Canthocamptus by Prof. Lilljeborg, was, by Mrazek and
myself, unknown to each other, considered to be sufficiently
distinct from the typical Canthocamptus to warrant. its
removal to another genus.

* ‘Svenska arter af, Familien Harpacticide,’ pp. 44-48 (1902).

194 Mr. T. Scott on

Moraria Mrazeki, T. Scott (new name).

1893. Ophiocamptus brevipes, Mrazek (not Sars), “ Beitrag zur Kennt-
niss der Harpact.-fauna des Siisswassers,”’ Zool. Jahrb. 7ter Bd.
p- 116, t. v. fig. 66, t. vi. figs. 67-70.

1895, Ophiocamptus brevipes, T. Scott, Thirteenth Rep. Fishery Board
for Scotland, pt. iii. p. 254, pl. x. figs. 1-9.

1897. Moraria brevipes, T. Scott, Fifteenth Rep. Fishery Board for
Scotland, pt. iii. p. 325.

As this is not the Canthocamptus brevipes of G. O. Sars,
the species will require to be renamed, and I propose that
Mrazeki should be adopted. The species has been obtained
in several Scottish lakes; it was first observed in Loch
Lubnaig, Perthshire, and afterwards in Rescobie Loch, Loch
Balgavie, and Forfar Loch, Forfarshire; Loch Achray,
Trossachs; and in Loch Doon, Ayrshire. The recent increase
in the interest that is being taken in the examination of the
British lochs will probably add to the number of the stations
for this as well as the other species recorded here.

Moraria Poppet (Mrazek).

1893. Ophiocamptus Poppet, Mrazek, op. cit. p. 114, t. v. figs. 54-59.
1897. Moraria Poppet, T. Scott, Fifteenth Rep. Fishery Board for Scot-
land, pt. iii. p. 325, pl. ix. figs. 13-20.

This small species appears to be rare; it was first taken in
some marshy ground at the side of Loch Fad, in Bute,
and afterwards, in 1899, in shore-pools near Hunterston,
Firth of Clyde, and in 1901 in marshy ground near Ellon,
Aberdeenshire. These are the only British records for this
species known to me.

Genus MARAENOBIOTUS, Mrazek (1893).

This genus was established by Dr. Mrazek for an interesting
Harpactid discovered by him in the vicinity of Pribram in
Bohemia. The antennules are eight-jointed. The secondary
branches of the antenne are small and two-jointed, the
mandible-palp is rudimentary, consisting of a tubercle bearing
two or three apical sete. First pair of thoracic feet short,
both branches two-jointed. The inner branches of the next
three pairs short, two-jointed, the outer branches longer and
three-jointed. Only one species has been described.

Maraenobiotus Vejdovskyt, Mrazek.

1893. Maraenobiotus Vejdovskyi, Mrazek, op. cit. p. 108, t. iv. figs. 17-
32, t. v. figs. 33-87.

1896. Maraenobiotus Vejdovskyt, T. & A. Scott, Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist.
(6) vol. xviii. p. 3, pl. i. figs. 13-21, pl. i. fig. 23 (July 1896).

British Freshwater Harpactids, 195

This species was obtained for the first time in Scotland in
a shore-gathering collected in Loch Vennachar, Perthshire,
and afterwards in shore-gatherings collected in Loch Doon,
Ayrshire, in December 1897, and in Loch of Park, Aberdeen-
shire, in 1899. I do not know of any other station for this
species in Britain.

Besides the Harpactids mentioned in the foregoing notes,
all of which, with one or two exceptions, are usually confined
to freshwater localities, there are a considerable number that
find a habitat in our brackish-water estuaries, ponds, and
marshes ; and though these for the most part belong to the
same subfamily as those already noticed, they include also
representatives of nearly all the subfamilies into which the
Harpacticide have been divided. And while the Cantho-
camptine comprise most, if not all, the British freshwater
Harpactids, the majority of the species belong to the genus
(‘anthocamptus, and are, with few exceptions, all freshwater
species. But Canthocamptus hirticornis, though found in
fresh water, occurs also occasionally in water that is slightly
brackish ; Canthocamptus palustris, as has been already men-
tioned, is usually found in places within the influence of the
tide; Canthocamptus parvus, T. & A. Scott, and Cantho-
camptus propinquus, 'T. Scott, are, on the other hand, marine
species, and for that reason have been excluded from the
preceding notes. C. propinguus has been obtained in the
Moray Firth and the Firth of Forth, and appears to be
moderately rare; C. parvus appears to be more generally
distributed ; the antennules of these two species are composed
of six joints instead of eight or nine, but otherwise there is
nothing to distinguish them from typical freshwater species.
For these and other reasons the line dividing the freshwater
species from brackish-water forms, and these again from
marine, is at best somewhat arbitrary.

ADDITIONAL NOTE.

After the preceding notes had been forwarded to the
printers I received a letter from my kind friend the Rev. A. M.
Norman, in which he refers, among other things, to the two
freshwater Harpactids Canthocamptus staphylinus (Jurine)
and Canthocamptus minutus, Claus; and as his remarks on
these two species should be of interest to students of the
freshwater Copepoda, I have, with his permission, transcribed
them here.

Referring to Canthocamptus staphylinus, he says :—“ O. F.

Ni ey Sa) ie File! bs bi eine a |

ing
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oo ai On British Freshwater Harvochnee De « ome
Miiller described Cyclops minutus in 1776 and 1785, which
afterwards became Canthocamptus minutus of Baird, Fischer, fe
and Lilljeborg; Claus for this name substituted that of a
Jurine—Monoculus staphylinus (1820)—and then immedi-
ately after described another Canthocamptus minutus of his
own. Now it will be admitted that, though without the —
detailed drawings of Jurine, Miiller’s. ’ fioures of C. minutus
are excellent representations for the time of a Canthocamptus,
and if not sufficient to distinguish it from some recent species,
the name ought to be retained for that species which is the
most common and the first determined. Therefore I consider
that CO. staphylinus (Jurine) should become a synonym of
Canthocamptus minutus (O. F. Miiller), and that C. minutus,
Claus—a name he should not have employed, on account
of confusion with Miiller’s species,—will have to give way
to Rehberg’s more recent name C. lucidulus.

“That author was quite right in restoring the name of
Miiller’s to Jurine and Claus’s C. staphylinus, and substi-
tuting for Claus’s C. minutus his new name of Canthocamptus ;
lucidulus.”

I may add that, though I leave my notes on these two
species as they were written, I quite agree with the Rev. A. M.
Norman that O. F. Miiller's name should be restored, that
C. staphylinus (Jurine) should become a synonym of
C. minutus (Miiller), and consequently that C. minutus,
Claus, will become a synonym of C. lucidulus, Rehberg.

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